Background: The significant sex and gender differences that exist in cancer
mechanisms, incidence, and survival, have yet to impact clinical practice.
One barrier to translation is that cancer phenotypes cannot be segregated
into distinct male versus female categories. Instead, within this
convenient but contrived dichotomy, male and female cancer phenotypes are
highly overlapping and vary between female- and male- skewed extremes.
Thus, sex and gender-specific treatments are unrealistic, and our
translational goal should be adaptation of treatment to the variable
effects of sex and gender on targetable pathways.
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